One Size Fits All is Mostly One Size Fits None Perfectly

CD cover of 1999s Smash Mouth single All Star

except for this song, it is perfect

I’m sure it’s not just me, but it definitely seems tough out there, right? Leaving the destabilizing world of geopolitics out of it, it seems like everyone I know is going through something these days. Frequently cited Academic Scholar Smash Mouth (1999) really did say it best when he said “the years start coming and they don’t stop coming.”

I’m quite aware that recency bias tells us this is the worst it’s ever been. And the thing about worst is that it’s relative. No matter how much it would give us psychic pleasure to do so, quantifying worst probably doesn’t do anyone any good. Perhaps a more worthwhile endeavor is the understanding that each of us has a very different set of situations, experience, and biology. Several years ago, as I lay on the floor of a lunch meeting with sciatic pain from a herniated disc, I was told that I’d really know what pain was if I had ever given birth, and that I was actually lucky in this moment. And maybe that person was right. There is a good likelihood that a small taste of birthing would have been a fresh perspective, one that freed me from my attempts at back pain relief on the floor of that conference room. But acute and chronic pain are two completely different things, and in that moment I left feeling that A) I couldn’t win (take time off and be lazy/weak, or fight through and be weak/dramatic), and that B) someone else would always have it worse. But I don’t want to be the worst. In fact, I spend most of my time thinking about how to make things better. And as another adage goes, comparison is the thief of joy – and I think that goes just as much for comparing hardship.

Students live inside that kind of comparison all day: marks, rankings, the classmate who finished first. So I don’t blame them for taking the quickest path, which these days is a chatbot. When a curriculum values breadth over depth, there’s always another thing to hand in, and the work becomes something to finish and never think about again. A student who treats it that way has missed the point of learning, but the system taught them to.

I’m not sold on AI being the all-powerful entity that will destroy humanity. Cory Doctorow’s argument, that the stories of awe-inspiring terror are mostly a ploy to justify sinking unimaginable sums into projects that are about to go public, is more persuasive to me. But in my daily grind as a high school teacher-librarian, I do wonder what even the non-Doomsday outcomes mean for student learning and life opportunities.

When it’s not Minecraft open on one of the library’s PCs, I’d say that approximately 1/3 of the time I see some variant of an AI tool open and being engaged with – mostly ChatGPT and the automated Google AI response. Heck, even I struggle with it – the quality of search engine responses has declined so much in the past several years that I will occasionally find my way over to Claude for help finding a useful site. I worry about this for a couple of reasons. First, the AI we are getting now is going to hit a point where, to defend each company’s bottom line, it gets degraded with advertising and reduced in quality to keep you engaging with it. See planned obsolescence in light bulbs, or the enshittification (another Doctorow-ism) of Google. This is the most free it will ever be, and because these systems are proprietary, we’ll have no say when that changes. Second, the more we lean on it, the more we lose the skills needed to exist without it.

And AI is basically catnip to anyone. All of us feel short of time. All of us have things we would rather be doing, and often we feel like we are just jumping through the hoops of our responsibilities. And yes, there is a place for following procedure and i-dotting and t-crossing. But when AI makes most of the assignments we have been handing out over the past 20+ years irrelevant, we have to ask what we were using those assignments as a proxy for.

What is our goal? I think it has to be development and growth of students – not to some standard and a mark on a bell curve which probably reflects socioeconomic status better than growth – but to people who know their own strengths and weaknesses and know how to develop onwards. One of the most frequent arguments against changing how we mark and assess is that marks motivate learning (they do for some, though they demotivate others), and that dropping them lowers standards and flattens growth and excellence. But is that really the case? I think about “gifted” kids who make their way through elementary and secondary school without much effort, only to struggle in a world that doesn’t rely on tests and grades. What if, to pass a grade, they had to show growth and development beyond the limits of the curriculum? That’s not a lower standard, just a different one.

This past August, MIT released the Report of its Ad Hoc Committee on AI Use in Teaching, Learning, and Research Training. Several of its ideas, I think, should shape our thinking well before post-secondary education. Three stood out:

  • Shifting assessment away from work marked solely on the product, toward oral exams, semester portfolios, and out-of-class work paired with in-class discussion
  • Building structured in-person social learning into every subject, with check-ins and graded discussion
  • Floating, as a thought experiment, the idea of going gradeless, since without grades many of the incentives to cheat might disappear

We’ve always had an assessment problem. In the world before AI, product had its issues too – think of the middle school science project that was very obviously made by the parents. But now that a finished-looking product is accessible to everyone, this is a good time to ask what we were trying to assess in the first place.

This will require shifts in our curricula, but we can’t afford to wait for that to happen because we are moving at a pace about 20x faster than curriculum development (and honestly that’s probably generous).

So I ask you: in your subject area, what skills are the crucial ones – the things that Chemistry, or Grade 3 Science, or Grade 11 History couldn’t be without? Try to set aside your love of your subject, and focus on the things that will impact the life of a student who may not be exposed to those ideas again. What are your five?

If you have your department or colleagues teaching the same class – compare your notes and make your case. How would you see a student doing this, with or without AI in the room? What does success look like, and how can you gather evidence without relying on product?

Oh, and if anyone with policy or budget power is reading this: we need help with traditional literacy skills in high schools. I know early investment gives the best return, but the gaps are real, and these students deserve better. A magical word generator doesn’t mean much when you don’t understand the words.

Reading Review Part C

Digital Storytelling and Skills; reflecting on the process

What I love most about researching is that often the thing that you start out to find is just that – a starting point. One question leads to another and then another as you continue your winding path through your sources. It’s part of the reason that I was so drawn to social history during my undergrad years – we live our lives within the confines of what we know to be true,  but the world is so vast and we are so small that there is so much out there that we don’t even know that we don’t know.  

Pie chart showing:
A small slice labeled "stuff you know"
A slightly larger slice labeled "stuff you know you don't know"
Another slighty larger slice labeled "stuff you think you know you don't know"
The last 75% of the pie is labelled "Stuff you don't know you don't know"
Pie chart of what you know, as adapted by myself from a less safe for work Reddit post, here

In some ways that is comforting, in others terrifying. But for the first time in our existence, almost half of the world has access to the internet and the tools and apps that come with it. What we don’t know that we don’t know doesn’t have to be such a scary idea any more, and what matters instead is instilling connection, critical thinking, creativity, communication, curiosity, and the various literacies that students will require to access that knowledge – whether from connecting with others around the world, searching through the databases provided by the local public library, or listening to the stories of others on YouTube, podcasts or through social media. 

My goal was to focus my research on ways of encouraging fostering digital connection, along with a toolkit of strategies to help students manage working with technologies that are almost deliberately distracting. My initial list of search terms was the following: 

– Multimodal digital storytelling  

– Benefits of digital storytelling  

– Empathy and storytelling 

– Empathy development and technology

– Storytelling apps

– Digital storytelling tools

– Cognitive Load Management theory and skills

– Open source educational software

What ended up shifting

I ended up dropping some topics (like empathy and storytelling, empathy development and technology, and open source technology) because I felt that with them my topic wasn’t as focused, and that empathy was briefly discussed in the materials I had found about digital storytelling already. It also made sense, as I wanted my focus to be more practical than theoretical. I had significant success pulling together materials on digital storytelling and the applications and other tools that can be used in their creation. Cognitive load management,  however, was the most troublesome topic. I left the experience feeling that the two divides of philosophy in education about technology referenced by Richardson in Why School? eight years ago are still alive and well today. 

What I couldn’t find

My initial search terms were connected, but they were not necessarily things that a person would find all in the same place, although to successfully work in the Digital Storytelling medium you would need to have some sort of understanding of all of them. The one that didn’t make it into my Part B assignment was anything that had to do with Cognitive Load Management. Most articles that I could find, either through the UBC library, Google Scholar, or just a plain old Google search tended to be very academic and slightly off topic; instead many focused on cognitive load theory. Most zeroed in on successful retention in e-learning or more traditional teacher-led learning methods, not with hands-on learning experiences, and how to deal and sort between loads of incoming information. When I used quotation marks to search for “cognitive load management” + children my results plummeted from 110 069 to 54. The most frequently cited articles focused on strategies for persons with autism. I did happen to find one promising article on how “Eye-closure enhances creative performance on divergent and convergent creativity tasks”, but that and was research on one very specific cognitive load management task – not the practical toolkit of strategies and skills that I was looking for. 

There is so much more room for research on this area. As mentioned previously, as I struggled with finding materials I was reminded of Richardson’s claim that there were two visions for the future of education – one of them for teaching the old curriculum with new tools, and the other looking to discover (2012, Loc 265). Eight years after writing Why School? these search results make me worry that academic and research choices have for the most part chosen to stay with the status quo. Ultimately, I suppose it is not surprising that materials on the topic of cognitive load focus more on how to reduce the effects and effectively instruct someone to have them retain more information. However, with a transformative view of educational technology, I think it becomes more and more important for us to be able to TEACH students these strategies, rather than use them solely to manipulate their understanding of instructed materials. Kids need these strategies in their toolkits. 

What went well

I felt more at home in my research on the topic of digital storytelling. During my first course in the LIBE program, I stumbled across the 1994 Manifesto of the Public Library from the IFLA. That list, although 25 years old , made clear to me why being a Teacher-Librarian was something I was so interested in. So many of those missions of the library connect beautifully with digital storytelling:  

…3. providing opportunities for personal and creative development; 4. stimulating the imagination and creativity of children and young people; 5. promoting awareness of cultural heritage, appreciation of the arts, scientific achievements and innovations;… 7. fostering inter-cultural dialogue and favouring cultural diversity; 8. supporting the oral tradition;… 11. Facilitating the development of information and computer literacy skills…   

from the 1994 Manifesto of the Public Library by the International Federation of Library Association

I also thought it was particularly telling that the titles and abstracts of research papers and articles about the topic were sprinkled with words that seem lifted right from 21st century learning skills: words like co-creating, creativity, citizenship, culture, multilingual, modalities and connections to name only a few. When compared to results from my search for cognitive load management, results seem to come from a wider swath of the globe. Some results were focused on Indigenous Education or referenced specifically the importance of storytelling to other indigenous world cultures. Just this week, while sharing my focus for this class with a divisional colleague (who is currently working on their PhD in education in the area of the intersections between educational experience and race), I was forwarded two other journal articles that focused on the task of digital storytelling as a just way of working towards reconciliation, and as a way of respecting Indigenous oral traditions (Castleden et al, 2013, p. 495). This is important to me. I need what I do to bring voices to those who have not had them amplified historically. In digital storytelling I can provide 21st century skills alongside social justice. 

In terms of results, I had fewer for digital storytelling than I did for cognitive+load+management+children (just over 50 000), but the quality of the results and their applicability to my topic of study was significantly higher. I also had more luck with searches on Twitter and Google. Results tended to be more connected to my given topic, and more readable; I suppose that’s not surprising for a topic about storytelling. 

Applications

When reading through the literature about Digital Storytelling, I realized that there are probably hundreds of ways to develop this into projects and activities for the library and in my work with other classrooms. There definitely isn’t a one size fits all approach. In an ideal digital storytelling project situation, students are coming up with their own focus points, choosing from a wide range of tools and apps and troubleshooting as they go. It becomes impossible for a teacher to know all the answers, and I think matches up nicely with Richardson’s section entitled “Discover, don’t deliver, the curriculum”, in which he describes teachers as those who ask questions and guide the students along the different paths of their own learning (2012, Loc 426).  

“Kids want to be inspired by this idea that learning is important. But they don’t see it in schools.”

In the TEDx talk above, Azul Terronez tells us the things he has learned by surveying students about what makes a good teacher great. The more I learn and think about DST, the more I think that it helps us get to know and build relationships with students, while hitting curricular outcomes and teaching other important skills as well.

Conclusions

I left this assignment feeling like I had a good handle on the who, what, when, where, why of digital storytelling. How was a bit murkier, but with the shared examples of others and the benefits of time and experience I think that will come together. I found examples being created in many different courses and on many topics, which I hope will help me promote this method of learning and creation with my peers.

This is a scary shift for many people, especially those of us who probably succeeded at the game of school – and let’s be real, many teachers are likely teachers because school was a comfortable place for them, and the source of some of their best memories. This isn’t a bad thing – but sometimes it puts blinders on us when we need to make changes. And so, this is often the spot that I find myself coming back to –  how do I transition to this model? That’s the resource that I want to exist out there somewhere in a database. I want a how-to guide! I think I’m doing so now, but the going is slow. Coming into classes, sharing tools, asking supporting questions, planning activities in the LLC that model these shifts, working with teachers that are implementing these changes, and planning activities for the students in classes where those shifts aren’t happening are my chisel at the rock of traditional classroom teaching. 

Research Sources

Brailas, A. (2017). Digital storytelling in the classroom: How to tell students to tell a story. International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 1(1), 1. doi: 10.1504/ijtcs.2017.10003059

Kaupler, D. (2018). 30 Sites and Apps for Digital Storytelling. Tech & Learning, 39(3), 8. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=132130210&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Moradi, H., & Chen, H. (2019). Digital Storytelling in Language Education. Behavioral Sciences (2076-328X), 9(12), 147. https://doi-org.wpl-dbs.winnipeg.ca/10.3390/bs9120147

Nam, C. W. (2017). The effects of digital storytelling on student achievement, social presence, and attitude in online collaborative learning environments. Interactive Learning Environments, 25(3), 412–427. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/10.1080/10494820.2015.1135173

NCTE. (2019, November 7). Definition of Literacy in a Digital Age. Retrieved from https://ncte.org/statement/nctes-definition-literacy-digital-age/

Powerful Tools for Teaching and Learning: Digital Storytelling. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.coursera.org/learn/digital-storytelling

Others Sources Referenced

Castleden, H., Daley, K., Sloan Morgan, V., & Sylvestre, P. (2013). Settlers unsettled: Using field schools and digital stories to transform geographies of ignorance about indigenous peoples in Canada. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 37(4), 487-499. doi:10.1080/03098265.2013.796352

IFLA. (1994). IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994. Retrieved from https://www.ifla.org/publications/iflaunesco-public-library-manifesto-1994

Richardson, W. (2012). Why school: how education must change when learning and information are everywhere.

Terronez, A. (2017, February 2). What makes a good teacher great? [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrU6YJle6Q4

Cover Image Source

Light beams silhouette a human shape standing at the end of a digital tunnel.. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest.
https://quest.eb.com/search/107_299526/1/107_299526/cite